This survey was aimed to determine the indigenous knowledge of communities around Lake Victoria Region regarding the treatment and management of Tuberculosis. Opinion leaders suggested the names and locations of known Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) in the study locale. A sample of 102 TMPS from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania residing around Lake Victoria Basis in East Africa participated in the study. Snow ball sampling technique was used to draw 22 TB patients claimed to have been treated by TMPs. It was established that local people have remarkable detailed knowledge of species identity, characteristics and their specific uses in the treatment and management of Tuberculosis. The main parts of the plants used include the root, bark, leaves and seeds in various combinations. It is concluded that local people have vast knowledge regarding the treatment of tuberculosis which is largely confined to the elderly, exploit the medicinal plants non-sustainably, and use crude plant extracts as concoctions for treating and/or managing TB. It is recommended that traditional knowledge should be documented, and top priority be given to the conservation of the habitat by launching special programs for raising people’s awareness about sustainable utilization of medicinal plant species and conservation.

The healthcare industry is considered one of the largest industry in the world. The healthcare industry is same as the medical industries having the largest amount of health related and medical related data. This data helps to discover useful trends and patters that can be used in diagnosis and decision making. Clustering techniques like K-means, D-streams, COBWEB, EM have been used for healthcare purposes like heart disease diagnosis, cancer detection etc. This paper focuses on the use of K-means and D-stream algorithm in healthcare. This algorithms were used in healthcare to determine whether a person is fit or unfit and this fitness decision was taken based on his/her historical and current data. Both the clustering algorithms were analyzed by applying them on patients current biomedical historical databases, this analysis depends on the attributes like peripheral blood oxygenation, diastolic arterial blood pressure, systolic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, heredity, obesity, and this fitness decision was taken based on his/her historical and current data. Both the clustering algorithms were analyzed by applying them on patients current biomedical historical databases, this analysis depends on the attributes like peripheral blood oxygenation, diastolic arterial blood pressure, systolic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, heredity, obesity, cigarette smoking. By analyzing both the algorithm it was found that the Density-based clustering algorithm i.e. the D-stream algorithm proves to give more accurate results than K-means when used for cluster formation of historical biomedical data. D-stream algorithm overcomes drawbacks of K-means algorithm

This paper presents new approach for shrinkage compensation in Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process to improve the accuracy of parts produced. By optimizing tools like Pattern search tool and Genetic algorithm available in MATLAB 2011. Shrinkage is compensated along X, Y, Z direction of the part produced. The scaling factor used in this compensation is calculated from shrinkage model (It is the empirical relation between percentage shrinkage and the machine manufacturer, Shrinkage model). Software is available in MATLAB 2011, automate the compensation process. Two case studies were presented to quantify the effectiveness of the developed compensation approach over the existing compensation method. From the comparison experiments, the ability of the proposed compensation method in improving the accuracy of laser sintered parts is established..

History based on traditional instruments, followed by interface bus and cards to access data to measure and control, thus elaborating the concept of Cloud Instrumentation is a fundamental step in knowing more about instruments accessed from cloud. The measurement technology sounds to be the new era of development of parameters to be measured and controlled with instruments and sensors accesses through internet.

The Sierpinski fractal antenna has been analyzed parametrically, and observed how its characteristics changing with the variation of its different parameters. The input return loss and input impedance have log periodic behavior that characterizes the sierpinski monopole antenna as fractal geometry. The band spacing and impedance matching have been improved by using different scale factor and feeding methods. Sierpinski monopole antenna for WLAN bands (2.4GHz and 5GHz) has been designed and simulated using Ansoft Hfss.The operating frequencies of the proposed designs match with IEEE802.11b (2.45GHz) and IEEE802.11a (5.20 GHz and 5.775GHz) standards which would allow WLAN operation. Key words— Sierpinski gasket, Fractal, Input impedance, Gain, Multiband, Input Return loss.

In this study the distribution of binding sites of Concanavaline A (Con A), Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA) and Peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectins conjugated with fluorescence isothiocynate (FITC) with different specific carbohydrates were studied on cell surface of sperms of fertile and infertile men to determine whether the surface characters of the spermatozoa of fertile men differs from that of infertile men with or without obesity. A total of 255 infertile and 319 fertile men were involved in this study between Sep. 2006 and Dec. 2008. The body mass index (BMI) was measured in all fertile and infertile men. All semen parameters were assessed in both fertile and infertile men with or without obesity to identify the values that would distinguish fertile from infertile men. The results of this study showed that there is a clear significant difference between fertile and infertile men with or without obesity in regard to all semen parameters. On the other hand, all lectins used in this study were reacted differentially with the various components of the sperms of fertile and infertile men with or without obesity. This suggests that the obesity might alter the cell surface changes of sperms with increasing of BMI.

Software testing means to cut errors, reduce maintenances and to short the cost of software development. Many software development and testing methods are used from many past years to improve software quality and software reliability. The major problem arises in the field of software testing is to find the best test case to performs testing of software. There are many kind of testing methods used for making a best case. Teasing is a important part of software development cycle .The process of testing is not bounded to detection of ’error’ in software but also enhances the surety of proper functioning and help to find out the functional and non functional particularities .Testing activities focuses on the overall progress of software.

One of the characteristic of sequestering agent is to reduce the hardness of water in order to make it fit for the use of in textile processing. Some of the sequestering agents have slightly adverse effect on the light fastness of reactive dyes; keeping in view this statement it is recommended that E.D.T.A and Sodium Hexa Meta phosphate may be widely used where there is non-availability of soft water which gives excellent results in pre-treatment and dyeing. Using the E.D.T.A and Sodium hexa Meta phosphate with different concentration with Reactive dyes (i.e. Cibacron), the effect on light fastness has been observed which is recorded through research work by plotting the graphs and making tables

The prospecting and mining of base metal in India dates back to 3000 B.C. All the base metal deposit of India has surface manifestations in various forms. From 19th century to the middle of the present century, certain European companies started a modern phase of base metal exploration and development. Earlier, the search for base metal was confined to the close study of surface features. In 1940 ground geophysical survey work has been introduced in order to search the mineral deposits. The total world production of lead and zinc metals are about 3.9 and 11.4 million tonnes respectively in 2009. The leading producing countries for lead is China (41% of world production), followed by Australia (15%), USA (10%), Peru (8%) and Mexico (4%). The Indian production of lead and zinc ore is 7.10 million tonnes in the year 2009-10, it includes 136095 tonnes of lead concentrate and 1224077 tonnes zinc concentrate. In India, the Western Indian Craton (Rajasthan) is the main provider of base metal to the country. It contributes nearly 85% of the estimated lead and zinc. In Western India Craton, the main metallotect of lead and zinc from an elongated NE – SW trending polygon, this covers an area of about 20000 sq. km. It comprises three metalliferous belts mainly, the Pur-Banera belt, the Rajpura-Dariba- Bethumni belt, and the Sawar belt and two metalliferous enclaves namely; the Agucha and the Kayar enclave. The 20 km. long crescent shaped, Rajpura-Dariba-Bethumni belt striking N-S to NNE-SSW. The ancient mining and smelting activities have been noticed at both ends of the belts. Towards the southernmost part of the belt, the typical gossan is exposed in the form of hill. B.C. Gupta, Geological survey of India (G.S.I) first reported Dariba – Bethumni belt, in the year 1934. The systematic exploration of the belt was initiated by G.S.I in 1962 and continuing till present. In the Rajpura-Dariba-Bethumni belt Rajpura and Dariba blocks are under active production since 1983, whereas in the Sindesar Khurd block the production was started in 2007, under the ownership of Hindustan Zinc Limited of Vedanta Group. Recently the exploration activity is going on in the Sonariya Khera block, Chittor block and Bethumni block under the possession of Hindustan Zinc Limited.

Fuel pricing, CO2 emission and conservation of nature have become a hot topic on the international agenda. Due to CO2 emission and other factors global warming is increasing drastically and it is a topic of discussion among engineers, environment mentors and researchers globally. The past decade is driven largely by an effort to meet legislated carbon emissions reduction goals for vehicle fleets. The automakers have introduced technologies that enable internal combustion engines (ICEs) to turn off automatically when vehicles are stopped. These stop-start vehicles are also known as micro hybrids, idle stop vehicles, and a variety of names branded by automakers. These vehicles can offer significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, although the actual saving depends heavily on the drive cycle. Stop-start vehicles require more robust batteries and starter systems than are found in internal combustion engine vehicles and are priced at a small premium over ICEs but considerably less than hybrid vehicles. With the most aggressive environmental goals in the world, Europe has seen so far the greatest selection of vehicles with stop-start technology and, not surprisingly, the greatest volume of vehicles (cars) sold. North America has experienced a relatively slow penetration of the technology due to less stringent emissions reduction goals and an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing cycle that underestimates the benefits of the technology. Worldwide, Pike Research expects more than 41 million of these vehicles (car) to be sold annually by 2020 – nearly a tenfold increase over 2012 sales.

Day by day lots of efforts are been taken towards developing an intelligent and natural interface between computer system and users. And looking at the technologies now a day’s it has become possible by means of variety of media information like visualization, audio, paint etc. Gesture has become important part of human communication to convey the information. Thus In this paper we proposed a method for HAND GESTURE RECOGNIZATION which includes Hand Segmentation, Hand Tracking and Edge Traversal Algorithm. We have designed a system which is limited to the hardware parts such as computer and webcam. The system consists of four modules: Hand Tracking and Segmentation, Feature Extraction, Neural Training, and Testing. The objective of this system to explore the utility of a neural network-based approach to the recognition of the hand gestures that create a system that will easily identify the gesture and use them for device control and convey information instead of normal inputs devices such as mouse and keyboard.

Textile industries produce huge amounts of polluted effluents, whereby over 80% of textile dyes are constituted of Benzedrine based dyes or aromatic hazardous substances azo groups that are normally discharged to surface and ground water aquifers. Through the scientific awareness to reach an eco-friendly system, this research part deals on the optimum extraction condition of the new neem natural dye, where the optimization parameters have technical and commercial importance on cost and color yield. This has been carried out using water and different concentrations of water-acetone and water ethanol mixtures at different temperatures, pH values and time intervals. Data observed that the optimum extraction condition was achieved with 50% (v/v) acetone, 18% (w/v) neem amount at pH 9 at 70oC for 60 min where 50% (v/v) water- acetone exhibited 60 % absorbance percentage compared to (31 and 9) % of 40% (v/v) water-ethanol and water respectively. The absorbance values are influenced by the properties of solvents such as, the dipole moment, dielectric constant, and refractive index values. Aqueous extraction gave less amount of pigment and was time consuming, promoting the degradation of color compounds while the other co-solvents increased the extract solubility, giving high extraction capacity. pH 9 increased the diffusion coefficients of color component and the temperature at 70oC for 60 min enhanced the de-aggregation of its molecules. Finally, FTIR analysis investigated the presence of mainly yield quercetin (flavonoid) compounds in neem extract which is known to have antibacterial and antifungal properties giving chance to be applied for antimicrobial textile dyeing in the second part of this study.

A study on the photoperiodic control of flower in rice is advancing and rice has become an of short day plant. Many genes used in flowering time determination in rice have been identified by many methods. The conclusion from these molecular studies is a remarkable conservation of genes which play an important role in the control of flowering time in rice. The rice photoperiod sensitivity gene Hd3a was originally detected as a heading date related quantitative trait locus found on chromosome 6 of rice. High resolution linkage mapping of Hd3a was carried using a huge segregating population derived from advanced backcross progeny between a japonica variety, Nipponbare, and an indica variety, Kasalath. Researchers revealed that there are three (3) pathways for the day length regulation of flowering in rice, short day activation pathway and long day suppression pathway lastly the long day activation pathway. Some genes where used in multiple pathways and others are specific to a particular pathway. There regulation also depends on the developmental stages. Rice may be an ideal plant to study the night break effect on flowering. In the near future there is need for better understand the controlled of flowering in rice at the genetic level.

Fiber Optics and Copper wires are the two prominent communication links used in modern communication and play a great role. A lot of articles have been written comparing these two technologies. Each of this communication links has its own advantages and disadvantages over the other. In this paper, both fiber optics and copper are evaluated and compared regarding their advantages and disadvantages based on bandwidth, cost, weight, size and flexibility, signal loss, information capacity, safety and immunity .In today’s modern-world communication demand, having an understanding of how these interconnects and interfaces devices is critical to successful system design.

E-Banking is one of the latest approaches to provide comfort to the client regarding monetary transactions. Through E-Banking the bank wants to introduce the core concept of IT based Enabled Services (ITES). The major idea is to provide a series of services to the customer through the internet, and make the customer feel flexible in calling out simple tasks faster instead of making visit to the bank every time. Today, one of the surest most comfortable and less risk oriented faced by banking sectors the application of electronic commerce. E-banking is considered to have a substantial impact on banks’ performance. The main reason behind this success is the numerous benefits it can provide, both to the banks and to customers of financial services. For customers it can provide a greater choice in terms of the channels they can use to conduct their business, and convenience in terms of when and where they can use E-banking. More and more people are adapting to this technique and the banking industry is bound to grow. The evolution of electronic banking started with the use of automatic teller machines and has included telephone banking, direct bill payment, electronic fund transfer and online banking. This research shows that the application of e-banking can help their local banks reduce operating costs and provide a better and fast service to their customer. It provides an insight into various aspect of E-banking

Enhancing heat transfer surface are used in many engineering applications such as heat exchanger, air conditioning, chemical reactor and refrigeration systems, hence many techniques have been investigated on enhancement of heat transfer rate and decrease the size and cost of the involving equipment especially in heat exchangers. One of the most important techniques used are passive heat transfer technique. These tchniques when adopted in Heat exchanger proved that the overall thermal performance improved significantly. This paper reviews experimental and numerical works taken by researchers on this technique since 2004 such as twisted tape, wire coil, swirl flow generator, etc. to enhance the thermal efficiency in heat exchangers and useful to designers implementing passive augmentation techniques in heat exchange. The authors found that variously developed twisted tape inserts are popular researched and used to strengthen the heat transfer efficiency for heat exchangers. The other techniques used for specific work environments are studied in this paper. Twisted tape inserts perform better in laminar flow than turbulent flow. However, the other several passive techniques such as ribs, conical nozzle, and conical ring, etc. are generally more efficient in the turbulent flow than in the laminar flow.

Today Water, Climate & Energy is related to every aspect of human life: social equity, ecosystem & economic sustainability. Water is used to generate energy; energy is used to provide water. Water, energy and climate are inextricably linked, which is of great concern and increasing importance for future. Global primary energy demand is projected to increase by just over 50% between now and 2030, which can be met by more prod., consuming water & other natural resources, adopting better technologies and also encouraging changes in energy use pattern. Water withdrawals are predicted to increase by 50% by 2025 in developing countries and 18% in developed countries. The worst fallouts of the climate change are shrinking of water resources. Climate change acts as an amplifier of the already intense competition over water & energy sources. Solving the interlinked challenges of water, energy & climate in a sustainable manner is one of the fundamental goals of the present generation. To achieve this, related research and knowledge should be expanded and discussed with in technical circles. Technology, innovation a sense of shared responsibility and political will are factors that bring real solutions to keep pace with increasing needs. Resolving growing issues will require better and integrated policy frameworks & political engagement for all stakeholders within and across water sheds. Leadership from all parts of society is must for change to happen.

Recommender systems give suggestion according to the user preferences. The number of contents and books in a university size library is enormous and a better than ever. Readers find it extremely difficult to locate their favorite books. Even though they could possibly find best preferred book by the user, finding another similar book to the first preferred book seems as if finding an in nail the ocean. That is because the second preferred book might be at very last edge of long tail. So recommender system is often a requirement in library that should be considers and need it to come into make the above finding similar. They have become fundamental applications in electronic commerce and information retrieval, providing suggestions that effectively crop large information spaces so that users are directed toward those items that best meet their needs and preferences. A variety of techniques have been suggested for performing recommendation, including collaborative technique and its three methods which are Slope One used for rating prediction, Pearson’s correlation used for finding the similarity between users and last but not the least item to item similarity. To upgrade the performance, these methods have sometimes been combined in hybrid recommendation technique.

Remote sensing implies to the collection of data about an object from a distance. With the use of LiDAR remote sensing technology, the three dimensional distribution of plant canopies and vegetation structural attributes can be accurately estimated. The measure of difference in reflectance from leaves of plants, due to the presence of chlorophyll pigments in different ratios, can be helpful to locate and characterize the plant remote location through remote sensing technology and Geographic Information System (GIS). The present study highlights the importance of remote sensing technology and GIS in detection of herbs located distantly