Online social media have a significant effect on health behavior. The pervasiveness of mass media and the exposure levels of broad segments of society suggest that mass media may be an essential information source to change health attitudes and behavior. Nonetheless, research evidence indicates that most mass media campaigns oriented toward changing health care habits face lots of barrier in implications. This paper reviews the literature to ensure the importance of social media on modifying health behavior on large population and the risks facing the implications.

The study aimed to effects of mechanical vibration on the upper body posture and to investigate by use of questionnaire the prevalence of discomfor in locomotor system and its risk factors among drivers. 200 persons were included in this study. All were non professional drivers. Persons were chosen accidentally. A self administered questionnaire was developed and applied to investigate the level of discomfort experienced in the human body. The objective of the questionnaire was to gather body discomfort data in a quick and efficient manner. Data from the questionnaire and digital images of 118 subjects were used. According to risulte this study there is no single posture that can be comfortably maintained for long periods of time. Any prolonged posture will lead to static loading of the muscles and joint tissues and, consequently, can cause discomfort. A lot of people drive long distances daily to and from work and many of them don't or even can't adjust their car seat.

The social capital has an important effect on health behaviors of people in society. Therefore, evaluate the components of social capital in women-headed households (WHH) ‎in each community due to vulnerability and the lack of socio-economic background ‎seems necessary. This study conducted to investigate the components of social capital in WHH and its effects on demographic variables by using confirmation analysis. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed by convenience sampling method on 300 WHH. This was designed to all females who referred to Tehran Municipality (2 District), by using World Bank’s Social Capital Questionnaire (SC- IQ). This tool composed of 6 components within 27 questions. Data was analyzed by confirmation analysis using AMOS software. Results: The mean age of participants was 40.6±9.5 years. The majority of WHH (60.3%) were unemployed. In the confirmatory analysis, income and education have the most impact on social capital of WHH. In addition, the education had a positive association with almost all components but has negative correlation with participating in-group work component. The results showed that among the components of social capital, participation in team work was significantly associated with the education. Also, there was a significant relationship between income and all components of social capital except political empowerment. Conclusion: Income and education had a strong effect on social capital in WHH. Hence, by providing opportunities for improvement in these indicators, may improve the physical, psychological and social ‎health and ultimately diminish the negative burden resulting from these vulnerable groups in the society.‎

The high level of proteinuria in pregnant women causes consequences for the mother and fetus. This study focused on proteinuria and the risk factors related to it. 470 pregnant women were included in this study. The data regarding socio-demographic details, gestation age, parity and obstetrics history were collected. Proteinuria, blood pressure and glycemia were measured. Proteinuria was detected among 25.7% of the participants. Hypertension, diabetes, the second and third trimesters, higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), younger and older age, nulliparity, low educational and rural women were independently associated with increased odds of proteinuria in pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus, the third trimester and obesity were superior to the others factors in predicting the development of proteinuria

- The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of proteinuria and the risk factors related to it in rural and urban women. A sample of 315 hospitalized and ambulatory patients from Shkodra region, aged 18-88 years was interviewed and the following measurements were performed: blood pressure, body mass index, glycemia and urine protein. Of these, 118 (37.5%) were from the rural areas and 197 (62.5%) from urban areas. The data of the two groups were elaborated and the obtained results were compared. The prevalence of proteinuria in the total number of the study subjects was 32.4%. In urban locations the prevalence of proteinuria, hypertension and diabetes were 27.9, 44.2 and 14.7% while in rural locations were 39.8, 44.1, and 13.6%, respectively. So, proteinuria was more prevalent among rural women, diabetes being less prevalent in rural areas while the prevalence of hypertension was the same in rural and urban areas. We found statistically significant relation of proteinuria with age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and elementary education in the urban areas. While in the urban areas there was a significant relationship of proteinuria only with age and diabetes.

Detection and management of poisoning represents a basic emergency nursing competency. Nurse's knowledge and practice play important roles in providing supportive care to decrease morbidity and mortality caused by poisonings. Aim of the study: to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding detection and management of acute drug poisoning. Research Design: A descriptive exploratory design was utilized. Research questions: a) what is the nurses’ level of knowledge regarding detection and management of acute drug poisoning b) what is the nurses’ level of practice regarding detection and management of acute drug poisoning Setting: The National Center for Clinical and Environmental Toxicology affiliated to Cairo University Hospitals Sample: A convenience sample of 30 nurses with a minimum one year of experience. Tools of data collection: Three tools were developed and utilized to collect data pertinent to the current study: tool 1: Nurses' sociodemographic data sheet, tool 2: Acute drug poisoning nurses' interview questionnaire and tool 3: Acute drug poisoning nurses' practice observational checklist. Results: All the studied sample (100%) had unsatisfactory knowledge and practice level (<75%) regarding detection and management of acute drug poisoning. No significant correlations were found between age, years of experience, total knowledge scores and total practice scores. No significant statistical difference was found in the total mean practice scores in relation to socio demographic characteristics. A high significant statistical difference was found in the mean practice scores in relation to qualifications Conclusion: critical care and emergency nurses dealing with poisoned patients have inadequate knowledge and practice regarding detection and management of acute drug poisoning Recommendations: Replication of this study on a larger sample from different geographical locations in Arab Republic of Egypt, establishment of continuing education programs including evidence based guidelines to improve nurses' knowledge and practice regarding detection and management of acute drug poisoning.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status of Arabs adults living in UK. The Mediterranean countries included in this study are the states of the Arab league. The Arab league members include 22 countries and these are;Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Food frequency questionnaire developed by Dehghan et al 2005 for use in the Middle East was used in this study to collect information about the food items consumed by the participants. A nutrient database was developed specifically for this study. The nutrient contents of food items in the questionnaire were extracted from table 19 of the United States department of agriculture food database and food composition tables for use in the Middle East 2nd edition. A total 200 questionnaire had been distributed, 114 questionnaire were received. Several factors had been evaluated; age, gender, smoking, education level, length of stay in UK, body mass index. Results showed that intake of vegetables, cereals, pulses, olive oil, nuts and sweets by women were higher than men. While intake of fruits, meat/chicken, fish and eggs were higher in men than women. Participants who lived longer in UK and second generation seemed to show higher total energy, carbohydrates, protein and fat daily consumption compared to those who lived in UK for a shorter period of time. Smokers showed higher energy, carbohydrates and fat consumption compared to non smokers and former smokers but not protein. Older participants showed higher vegetables, fish, eggs, and nuts consumption than younger participants,while younger participants consumed more sweets and cereals than older participants. Participants with primary education consumed the highest amount of vegetables, meat, chicken, pulses and eggs but they consumed the lowest amount of olive oil and sweets. Obese participants reported the lowest amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates and total daily calories consumed. The general conclusion of this study indicate that adult Arabs living in UK maintained the main elements of Mediterranean diet (eating vegetables, fruits, olive oil). However, the number of participants in this research was small, so further research is needed where a large number of participants is included to enable researchers to compare participants and factors and be able to generalize results more accurately from a large sample of the population.

Preeclampsia which happens in 5-10% of pregnancies is associated with maternal and prenatal morbidity and mortality in all over the world. Preeclampsia leads to high rates of preterm birth, small for gestational age infant. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of paternal cigarette smoking before and in conception on risk of preeclampsia in non smoker women without exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. In this cohort study, 302 healthy pregnant nonsmoker women were entered. They were divided in two groups with non smoker husband (n=158) and smoker husband (n=144) in conception time. All of women reported no exposure of cigarette smoking before and in pregnancy. Rate of preeclampsia compared in two groups. Rate of preeclampsia is significantly higher in pregnant nonsmoker women that their husbands were smoker. (P=0.030) , OR= 2.808 [ CI 95% 1.364 5.781]. Paternal smoking in three months before until time of conception is a risk factor for preeclampsia.

Most drug metabolism occurs in the liver, during this processes they may cause liver poisoning. Therefore, identification of some materials that increase liver resistance against toxic metabolites is very important. Nowadays, application of herbal plants to treat patients instead of synthetic drugs is increasing due to their lower side effects and high varieties of efficient components. Tanacetum parthenium L. is one of the most ancient and well-known medicinal plants that its role in the treatment of a wide range of diseases has been studied. This study is designed to assess the probable effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. on liver enzymes, including Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore sexual hormones (progesterone and estrogen) were evaluated in female mice. In this experimental study, 40 female mice with the mean weight of 30-40 gr were divided into three groups: control, sham, and experimental groups. control group did not receive any drug. Sham group only received normal saline. The experimental groups were injected by 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg doses of Tanacetum parthenium extract intraperitoneally for 15 consecutive days. Finally, animals were anesthetized using ether, and blood samples were taken through their ventricles. Blood serum was extracted and the serum concentration of AST, ALP, estrogen and progesterone was measured. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The mean serum level of estrogen and progestron was significantly higher in the experimental groups 50 and 100 mg/kg compared to the sham and control groups. Serum levels of and AST and ALP indicated significant decrease only at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of extract. Active ingredients of Tanacetum parthenium L. may act as an antioxidant to decrease production of free radicals or liver enzymes releasing into the blood through stabilization of hepatocyte membrane. On the other hand, Tanacetum parthenium L. extract may have some effects on hormone concentration that is due to phytoestrogen components, and can increase the estrogen and progestrone levels.

Objectives: Routine checkups are important in the early detection of disease. Many factors influence the performance of medical checkups. The aim of our study was to detect the factors that affect the performance of routine medical checkups in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This study analyzed observational, descriptive cross-sectional data. Our sample includes male and female adults over the age of 20 years from different cities in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia in February 2015. The sample size was 721, divided among the 9 cities of the Eastern province. Our data was collected via a questionnaire, which was distributed randomly among the population. Results: The study sample consisted of 28.4% males and 71.6% females. The study suggested that only 22.5% of the sample perform routine medical checkups while the majority of them (77.5%) do not perform checkups. Precipitating factors, age, gender and marital status have an effect on the performance of routine checkups. However, education, financial status and occupation appeared to have no effect on performing regular checkups. Reasons for performing routine checkups were also analyzed. Most people performed routine checkups out of personal conviction and belief in its benefits. The commonest reasons cited for avoiding routine checkups were not having enough time and a perception of medical check-ups being a long and boring process. Conclusion: We concluded that in order to increase the performance of medical checkups, the personal conviction and belief of the population should be increased first by spreading awareness.

— Background: The assessment of growth in children is important for monitoring health status. Growth charts have been used for at least a century to screen for potentially inadequate growth. The aim of this study: is to look at growth parameters of normal children at our university health center. Material and methods: This study type is a prospective, descriptive study. In primary health care center of KFU, Alhassa, KSA. It is based on assessment of growth parameters especially weight and height of healthy children attending health center. Results: A total of 47 healthy children from birth to 11 years of age were included in this study. There were 25 males, their mean age (3.1±2.5), and 22 females, their mean age was (4.8±3.6). Most of Females height parameters were located between 25th – 75th percentiles. All male height centile were located above 75th centile. Regarding the weight, male and female were equally located between 25th – 75th centile, but we noticed that there was leaner growth pattern in weight parameter between the ages of 2 to 12 months in both male and female. Male had tendency to be taller than female in all ages. Conclusion: Growth patterns over time using multiple data points must be used in conjunction with other medical and family history to evaluate appropriate growth. Training on accurate measurements techniques, especially for recumbent length, is critical for any assessment to be valid.