Encountered in caves with primitive men, the concept of art has had a continuous development and change from the ancient times to the present day. The art has always kept its place in lives of man as a part of social, economical and cultural developments performed by man for ages. Along with the concept of art developing and changing in time, many different types of wordings and many branches of arts have been formed. As the materials of arts were shaped and changed, the arts were also likely to be separated to different branches. However, among many different styles formed with the development of music, “opera” is of a vital importance. The art of opera has passed through many different periods during its development period, also with the effect of interest by people. As well as the development performed by opera itself within this period, social, political, economical and cultural alterations have also been effective in addition to the movements of thoughts. Especially the effects of the movements of thoughts developing in the 19th century became important on individuals on a large scale, and these effects were also seen in opera, as in other arts. All developments and awareness in society seen in the 19th century led to serious intellectual movements. One of the most important movements developing in this period was also “the movement of realism”, that is, “realism” appearing in the field of literature. The movement of realism effective in literature in the 19th century became influential on opera as well and was called “verismo”. While the appearance of verismo movement in opera is evaluated in this study, several important composers representatives of the movement will be mentioned, and social, cultural and political factors leading to the movement will be examined.

The paper adopts a culturo historical approach on the translation of the cult novel A Clockwork Orange (1962) by Anthony Burgess into the Lithuanian language. More precisely, the object of the paper is the “Nadsat” language of the teen protagonist which is a mixture of English and Russian (heavy in slang and borrowings). From culturo historical viewpoint, the novel written in “Nadsat” during the peak of the Cold War combines two opposing forces, i.e. English and Russian, in the form of language with culture encoded therein. Such fundamental means of expression poses a considerable translation problem for a Lithuanian translator since in regard to English and Russian, the Lithuanian language and culture stand in a completely different position, i.e. that of subordinate one. Having been a part of the Soviet Union, Lithuania experienced many years of imposed Russification which was met by overwhelming rejection at the time and after regaining the independence in 1990. The post Soviet period in Lithuania was characterised by a great impact of English because it was considered influential and highly regarded by the state and media [20]. As a result, the translation of the “Nadsat” language into Lithuanian is aggravated in terms of the choice of dominant languages due to the culturo historical implications. Thus, the paper looks at two attempts to translate the novel, namely by Petrukaitis (1993) and Dagys (1999), paying special attention at the macro translation strategy, i.e. the choice of the language combination, which is analysed through the techniques of foregnization and domestication (Venuti). The two translators combine both strategies but to different degrees, which produces a different effect on the final target texts in comparison to the original role of “Nadsat” in the source text.

Known as a German poet and writer in Turkey, Friedrich von Schiller brought numerious works in different areas such as dramas, ballads, philosophic essays and lyric poems into the World literature during his 46 year life. These works of Schiller becoming reputed with great dramas like “Die Räuber”, ”Kabale und Liebe”, “Don Carlos”, “Wilhelm Tell” and “Maria Stuart” were rewritten as opera texts and composed by opera composers and libretists, and these works contributing to the art of opera as repertory have taken part in the World opera repertory as qualified ones. In this study, the related literature to Schillers life and Works will be scanned, and by examining the works rewritten as opera texts and their composers, the importance of these works will be tried to be analyzed in terms of the art of opera.

This study is in regards to Russia Geo economic interest and influence in Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the importance of SCO as a sufficient Eurasian organizations leadership in energy market and the prospective of Russia to affect the energy market and energy reserve as a major authority within the organization.

Immigration is one of the most fundamental realities of Europe's demographic last decades. From this point of view, it can be said that Romania, recently included in the European Union, tends to become a destination for flows of immigrants, even if the phenomenon is at an early stage. Since the mechanical movement study of the population has a quarrel scientific, social and even political importance, the analysis of these shifts is well to be carried out on their debut. Thus, our research, based on existing statistical information is trying to delineate geographical human characters of the population which has recently acquired Romanian citizenship. From this point of view I can analyze the dynamics of flows, their origin, and certain structural aspects.

Aim Patient physician communication is an essential core clinical competency that is indispensable to medical education. Literature reviews suggest that an integrated design is the best way to develop this curriculum. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a pilot integrated curriculum for continuing education of medical teachers teaching skill of patient physician communication. Methods A four hour continuing education curriculum was developed taking into consideration the local cultures. Eighty nine medical teachers from internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and emergency medicine departments were invited to participate in this curriculum in August 2013. During the four hour curriculum, five video clips were shown followed by small group discussion, role play, video replay and feedback. Every participant completed a questionnaire before and after the curriculum and that questionnaire was to evaluate teachers perspectives of the importance and confidence of patient physician communication teaching skill. Results Significant improvements were noted after the curriculum in terms of the importance of tutoring skills (before 3.70 vs. after 3.95, p<0.05) and perspectives toward self-confidence of tutoring skills (before 4.71 vs. after 4.82, p<0.05). Conclusions This new strategy for continuing education of medical teacher was effective in improvement of confidence with patient physician communication teaching skills. Integrated design is a good way to develop a continuing education curriculum.

In Hong Kong, many school principals outsourced their extra curricular activities to reduce the workload of teachers and provide more activity options for students. This study reports on a qualitative study aiming at examining the views of a group of sixteen teaching professionals from ten primary schools in Hong Kong on the effectiveness as well as the major concerns about outsourcing extra curricular activities. Findings indicate that three themes emerged from the data regarding effectiveness of outsourcing extra curricular activities to external organizations including (1) reducing teachers workload and cost saving, (2) enhancing the expertise of teachers, and (3) catering for the needs of both parents and students. On the contrary, the major concerns about outsourcing activities were (1) increasing administrative duties, (2) quality of the activities, (3) linking activities to school curricula, and (4) student discipline. It is recommended that school, government and parent representatives be involved in monitoring outsourcing activities.

This study aimed to analyze the roles of public sector and mass media in management communication for natural disasters in Songkhla Province. In part of the public sector, the effectiveness of communication management plan and development were considered in every occasion of disasters. In part of mass media, the roles of present functions and information towards natural violence were studied. This qualitative research data was collected using in depth interviews and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed and the results were reported. The concepts of David K. Berlo (1960) were used as a guide for data analysis and showed that the source formed by single command. Initial disaster messages were screened by the Disaster Management Board of the Province and then the Provincial Governor of Songkhla Province has taken supremacy to be the informant of disasters. As the situation rapidly changes, the disaster emergency message needed to be precisely written and promptly announced. A critical disaster discovery was publicized by national and regional media channels including television and radio station broadcasts, especially three local radio stations, so the population at risk (or receivers) prepared to survive before a disaster strikes. Meanwhile, during the catastrophe stage, fact finding reports by mass media were important for the receivers. Mass media also have important roles in mobilizing assistance from wider public for victims of the disaster.

It has been 10 years since the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan initiated the vocational school accreditation in 2004. The MOE, evaluation units, and evaluated units have invested in a large amount of resources and manpower but after evaluation have the schools really changed? And what benefits the schools have obtained from the evaluation? This is a question which touches both education policies and administrative issues, and it is worth exploring. The purpose of this study aimed to analyze and explore the theoretical basis and related research in vocational school evaluation in order to construct the evaluation benefit assessing indicators for future vocational high school evaluation. To achieve this goal, document analysis and focus group interviews are conducted to analyze relevant evaluation data of vocational schools in the past 10 years for compiling “The Draft of Evaluation Benefit Assessing Indicators for Vocational Schools.” Afterwards, experts and scholars who participated in the school evaluation in the past and administrators who involved in the evaluations are invited to take apart in the focus group interviews to form the indicators. The focus group interviews were conducted twice with 10 experts each time. The results of this study can provide assessing indicators of evaluation to education authorities and school administrative units as references.

Starting from the idea that space is one of the factors that create differences in terms of territorial development, this paper has the aim of using factorial analysis to determine the components related to this phenomena. Local based development, at national level of Romania, is the expression of several factors which were decomposed using a multivariate methodology. Social, urban, demographic or territorial components (through accessibility) are factors taken into account in applying this method.

This study analyzed the return series of Chinese stock market by using GARCH model without sudden changes and re examined the impact of sudden changes in volatility persistence in Chinese stock market by using GARCH model with sudden changes. We detected sudden changes in volatility by using the iterated cumulative sums of squares (ICSS) algorithm. Our findings indicated that the investor psychology was still green in Chinese stock market and the Chinese stock market still had high speculation and risk. In addition, we also found that the ignorance of sudden changes in volatility would overestimate volatility persistence in stock markets.